At Least You Know Your Own Name

Set of names by which an private is known

This commodity is most the full names of private human beings. For the proper noun distinguishing one person from others with the same surname, see given name.

Outset/given, centre and last/family/surname with John Fitzgerald Kennedy every bit example. This shows a structure typical for the Anglosphere, among others. Other cultures use other structures for full names.

A personal proper noun, or full proper name, in onomastic terminology besides known as prosoponym (from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον / prósōpon - person, and ὄνομα / onoma - name),^[1] is the set of names by which an individual person is known, and that can exist recited equally a give-and-take-group, with the understanding that, taken together, they all relate to that 1 individual.^[2] In many cultures, the term is synonymous with the nativity proper noun or legal proper name of the private. In linguistic classification, personal names are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, chosen anthroponymy.^[three]

In Western culture, well-nigh all individuals possess at least ane given proper name (also known as a first name, forename, or Christian proper noun), together with a surname (too known as a last name or family unit proper noun). In the name "Abraham Lincoln", for example, Abraham is the first proper name and Lincoln is the surname. Surnames in the West generally indicate that the individual belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan, although the exact relationships vary: they may be given at nativity, taken upon adoption, changed upon wedlock, and and then on. Where there are ii or more given names, typically only 1 (in English language-speaking cultures usually the first) is used in normal speech.

Another naming convention that is used mainly in the Arabic culture and in different other areas across Africa and Asia is connecting the person'southward given proper name with a chain of names, starting with the name of the person's male parent and then the father'due south father and then on, unremarkably ending with the family name (tribe or association name). Yet, the legal total name of a person ordinarily contains the first iii names (given name, father'south name, father'south father's name) and the family name at the end, to limit the name in government-issued ID. Men's names and women'southward names are synthetic using the aforementioned convention, and a person's name is non altered if they are married.^[four]

Some cultures, including Western ones, also add together (or in one case added) patronymics or matronymics. For example, as a middle proper name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (whose father'south given proper name was Ilya), or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir (whose father is named Guðmundur) or Heiðar Helguson (whose mother was named Helga). Similar concepts are nowadays in Eastern cultures.

Nonetheless, in some areas of the earth, many people are known past a single proper noun, and and then are said to exist mononymous. Nevertheless other cultures lack the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. Certain isolated tribes, such as the Machiguenga of the Amazon, do not utilize personal names.^[i]

A person's full proper name usually identifies that person for legal and administrative purposes, although information technology may non exist the name past which the person is unremarkably known; some people use only a portion of their full proper name, or are known by titles, nicknames, pseudonyms or other formal or informal designations.

It is almost universal for people to take names; the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Kid declares that a kid has the right to a name from nascence.^[7]

Construction [edit]

Common components of names given at birth include:

• Personal proper name: The given name (or acquired name in some cultures) can precede a family name (as in some European cultures), or information technology can come after the family proper noun (every bit in some E Asian cultures), or exist used without a family name.
• Patronymic: A surname based on the given proper noun of the begetter.
• Matronymic: A surname based on the given name of the mother.
• Family unit proper name: A name used by all members of a family unit. In Mainland china, surnames gradually came into mutual use beginning in the 3rd century BC (having been common only amid the nobility earlier that). In some areas of East Asia (e.g. Vietnam and Korea), surnames developed in the adjacent several centuries, while in other areas (like Japan), surnames did not become prevalent until the 19th century. In Europe, afterward the loss of the Roman organization, the common use of family unit names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it oftentimes did not happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such every bit the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany, likewise every bit Russia and Ukraine. The compulsory utilise of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (only did non require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). On the other hand, surnames were not compulsory in the Scandinavian countries until the 19th or 20th century (1923 in Kingdom of norway), and Iceland still does not apply surnames for its native inhabitants. In most of the cultures of the Middle East and South asia, surnames were not mostly used until European influence took hold in the 19th century.

In Kingdom of spain and most Latin American countries, two surnames are used, one beingness the father's family name and the other existence the female parent'south family unit proper noun. In Spain, though, the 2nd surname is frequently used if the beginning one is too common to allow an piece of cake identification. For example, One-time Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called Zapatero. In Argentina, only the father's last name is used, in nigh cases.

In Portugal, Brazil and most other Portuguese-speaking countries, at least two surnames are used, often three or four, typically some or none inherited from the mother and some or all inherited from the begetter, in that guild. Co-parental siblings nigh often share an identical string of surnames. For collation, shortening, and formal addressing, the concluding of these surnames is typically preferred. A Portuguese man named António de Oliveira Guterres would therefore be known commonly as António Guterres.

In Russia, the kickoff proper noun and family proper noun conform to the usual Western practise, only the middle name is patronymic. Thus, all the children of Ivan Volkov would be named "[kickoff name] Ivanovich Volkov" if male, or "[first name] Ivanovna Volkova" if female (-ovich significant "son of", -ovna pregnant "daughter of",^[8] and -a unremarkably being appended to the surnames of girls). However, in formal Russian name order, the surname comes first, followed past the given name and patronymic, such as "Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich".^[9]

In many families, single or multiple middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, sometimes their maiden names. In some traditions, however, the roles of the first and middle given names are reversed, with the first given name being used to honor a family fellow member and the middle name existence used equally the usual method to address someone informally. Many Catholic families cull a saint'due south name as their child'southward center proper name or this tin be left until the child's confirmation when they choose a saint'south name for themselves. Cultures that apply patronymics or matronymics will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e.g., Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/due south.

Some people (called anonyms) choose to be anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or social ridicule of their works or deportment. Another method to disguise one'south identity is to employ a pseudonym.

For some people, their proper noun is a unmarried give-and-take, known equally a mononym. This tin exist true from birth, or occur later in life. For instance, Teller, of the sorcerer duo Penn and Teller, was named Raymond Joseph Teller at birth, but changed his name both legally and socially to be simply "Teller". In some official government documents, such as his driver's license, his given proper name is listed every bit NFN, an initialism for "no beginning name".

The Inuit believe that the souls of the namesakes are i, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (atiq), but also by kinship championship, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority.

In Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with their fate, and calculation a name (east.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Amongst Ashkenazi Jews it is besides considered bad luck to take the proper noun of a living antecedent, as the Angel of Death may error the younger person for their namesake (although at that place is no such custom among Sephardi Jews). Jews may likewise have a Jewish name for intra-community use and employ a different proper noun when engaging with the Gentile world.

Chinese children are called diminutive or pejorative names to make them appear worthless to evil spirits. They receive a definitive name equally they grow up.^{[ commendation needed ]} Chinese and Japanese emperors receive posthumous names.

In some Polynesian cultures, the name of a deceased chief becomes taboo. If he is named afterwards a common object or concept, a different word has to exist used for information technology.

Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes titles) are considered part of the name.

Feudal names [edit]

The royalty, dignity, and gentry of Europe traditionally have many names, including phrases for the lands that they own. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in small capital letter messages. It is this habit which transferred to names of Eastern Asia, as seen beneath. An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the Marquis de Lafayette. Note that he possessed both the lands of Motier and Lafayette.

The bare place name was used formerly to refer to the person who owned information technology, rather than the land itself (the word "Gloucester" in "What volition Gloucester do?" meant the Knuckles of Gloucester). As a evolution, the bare name of a ship in the Royal Navy meant its captain (e.g., "Cressy didn't acquire from Aboukir") while the proper name with an commodity referred to the ship (e.k., "The Cressy is foundering").

Naming conventions [edit]

A personal naming organisation, or anthroponymic organisation, is a arrangement describing the selection of personal name in a certain society. Personal names consists of 1 or more parts, such as given proper noun, surname and patronymic. Personal naming systems are studied within the field of anthroponymy.

In contemporary Western societies (except for Republic of iceland, Hungary, and sometimes Flemish region, depending on the occasion), the most mutual naming convention is that a person must have a given proper name, which is usually gender-specific, followed by the parents' family proper noun. In onomastic terminology, given names of male person persons are chosen andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / human, and ὄνομα / name),^[10] while given names of female person persons are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name).^[11]

Some given names are bespoke, but nearly are repeated from earlier generations in the same culture. Many are drawn from mythology, some of which span multiple language areas. This has resulted in related names in different languages (eastward.g. George, Georg, Jorge), which might be translated or might exist maintained as immutable proper nouns.

In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "Ten'due south son/daughter"; this is now the example only in Iceland and was recently re-introduced as an selection in the Faroe Islands. It is legally possible in Finland equally people of Icelandic ethnic naming are specifically named in the proper name police. When people of this proper noun convert to standards of other cultures, the phrase is often condensed into one word, creating last names like Jacobsen (Jacob's Son).

In Kafirstan (now part of Afghanistan) "Children are named equally presently as built-in. The infant is given to the mother to suckle, while a wise woman chop-chop recites the family ancestral names; the proper name pronounced at the instant the infant begins to feed is that past which it is thereafter known."^[12]

There is a range of personal naming systems:^[13]

• Binomial systems: autonomously from their given proper noun, people are described by their surnames, which they obtain from 1 of their parents. Most modernistic European personal naming systems are of this type.
• Patronymic systems: apart from their given name, people are described by their patronymics, that is given names (not surnames) of parents or other ancestors. Such systems were in wide use throughout Europe in the first millennium CE, but were replaced by binomial systems. The Icelandic organisation is still patronymic.
• More complex systems like Arabic system, consisting of paedonymic (son'due south name), given name, patronymic and one or 2 bynames.

Different cultures have unlike conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles almost particular cultures' naming conventions.

Proper noun order [edit]

Western name order [edit]

The club given proper noun, family proper noun is normally known as the Western proper name guild and is normally used in most European countries and in countries that accept cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe (due east.yard. North and South America, Northward, East, Fundamental and West India, Thailand, Laos, Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand and the Philippines).

Within alphabetic lists and catalogs, nevertheless, the family proper name is generally put offset, with the given proper noun(s) following, separated from it by a comma (e.k. Smith, John), representing the "lexical proper noun order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, equally well as on many administrative forms. In some countries, such as French republic and the former Soviet Spousal relationship, the comma may exist dropped and the swapped form of the proper name be uttered equally such, perceived as a mark of bureaucratic formality.

Eastern proper noun order [edit]

The lodge family unit name, given proper name is normally known equally the Eastern name order and is primarily used in East Asian cultural sphere (People's republic of china, Nippon, Korea and Vietnam), equally well every bit in Kingdom of cambodia, and southern and northeastern parts of Bharat. Information technology is also used in Cardinal Europe past Hungarians.

When East Asian names are transliterated into the Latin alphabet, some people adopt to convert them to the Western lodge, while others leave them in the Eastern gild but write the family proper noun in upper-case letter letters. To avert defoliation, there is a convention in some language communities, east.thou. French, to write the family name in all capitals when engaging in formal correspondence or writing for an international audience. In Hungarian, the Eastern order of Japanese names is officially kept and Hungarian transliteration is used (due east.m. hu:Mijazaki Hajao), simply Western proper noun order is likewise sometimes used with English transliteration (due east.g. Hayao Miyazaki). From 2020, the Government of Japan has inverse the order of names in official documents to society to write family proper name commencement in capital letter letters, also recommended the same format to the general Japanese public.^[fourteen]

Chinese people, except for those traveling or living outside of Communist china and areas influenced by China, rarely reverse their Chinese language names to the Western naming gild (given name, then family name), but some may accept non-Chinese given names which may use a different order.^{[ citation needed ]} Western publications usually preserve the Chinese naming order, with the family proper name first, followed by the given proper noun. In regard to Japanese names, most foreign publications contrary the names of modern individuals, and virtually Japanese reverse their own names when creating materials for foreign consumption.^[15] In popular journalism publications, western club is used for Japanese names.^[xvi]

Japanese names of gimmicky people and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when people who have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for example, Koizumi Jun'ichirō is known every bit Junichiro Koizumi in English, and Puskás Ferenc is known every bit Ferenc Puskás. Only Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese names are normally left in E Asian order; for instance, in English, Máo Zédōng is known every bit Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung.

Names of Japanese or Chinese sportspeople by and large follow the higher up conventions. For Japanese examples, see Ichiro Suzuki instead of Suzuki Ichirō (although he is widely known merely as "Ichiro" in both Japan and North America), or Hidetoshi Nakata instead of Nakata Hidetoshi. Every bit for Chinese sportspeople, Yáo Míng is Yao Ming and Liú Xiáng is Liu Xiang in the West.^{[ citation needed ]}

Names of Korean sportspeople may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries, apparently depending on the sport. For instance, names of Korean footballers and almost athletes are usually left in E Asian social club (eastward.chiliad. Ahn Jung-hwan, Hong Myung-bo, Park Ji-Sung, Sohn Kee-chung, Hwang Young-cho). Baseball, billiards, golf game, and ice hockey players' names are usually changed to Western order (for example: baseball player Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as Chan-ho Park, and the female golfer Pak Se-ri is known in the Due west as Se-Ri Pak). Defoliation can be avoided by noticing that in all the above cases, the words linked by a hyphen are the given name.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mordvins use two names - a Mordvin proper name and a Russian proper noun. The Mordvin name is written in the Eastern name guild. Usually, the Mordvin surname is the aforementioned as the Russian surname, for instance Sharonon Sandra (Russian: Alexander Sharonov), but information technology can be different at times, for example Yovlan Olo (Russian: Vladimir Romashkin).

Mongolians use the Eastern naming club (patronymic followed by given name), which is also used there when rendering the names of other Due east Asians and Hungarians. Russian and other Western names, however, are however written in Western social club.

Telugu people from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana traditionally apply family name, given proper noun society.^[17] The family proper name kickoff format is different from North India where family proper name typically appears final or other parts of South Republic of india where patronymic names are widely used instead of family names.^[eighteen]

Hong Kong [edit]

In Hong Kong, Cantonese names of Hong Kong people are usually written in the Eastern society with or without a comma (eg. Wong Yat Sum or Wong, Yat Sum). Outside Hong Kong, they are usually written in Western guild.

Unlike other East Asian countries, the syllables or logograms of given names are not hyphenated or compounded but instead separated by a space (eg. Yat Sum). People exterior Hong Kong oftentimes misfile the 2nd syllables with centre names regardless of name order. Some figurer systems could not handle given proper noun inputs with infinite characters.

Hong Kong people usually accept an anglicised given name, always written in the Western order. The English and transliterated Cantonese full names can be written in various orders. A hybrid order is preferred in official documents including the Hong Kong'southward legislative records. The hybrid club goes in the form of "Tony Leung Chiu-wai", with family names (in the example, Leung) shared in the heart. The anglicised names are written in the Western club and the Cantonese names are written in the Eastern gild.

Non-human personal names [edit]

Apart from the Linnaean taxonomy, some humans requite individual non-human animals and plants names, unremarkably of endearment.

In onomastic classification, names of individual animals are chosen zoonyms,^[19] while names of individual plants are called phytonyms.^[20]

Names of pets [edit]

The practice of naming pets dates back at least to the 23rd century BC; an Egyptian inscription from that period mentions a dog named Abuwtiyuw.^[21]

Many pet owners give human names to their pets. This has been shown to reverberate the possessor having a human-like relationship with the pet.^[22] The proper name given to a pet may refer to its advent^[22] or personality,^[22] or be chosen for endearment,^[22] or in honor of a favorite celebrity.^[23] Pet names often reverberate the owner's view of the creature, and the expectations they may have for it.^{[24] [25]}

It has been argued that the giving of names to their pets allows researchers to view their pets as ontologically different from unnamed laboratory animals with which they piece of work.^[26]

Dolphin names for each other [edit]

A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences claims that humans are not the only animals that use personal names. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington studying bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, found that the dolphins had names for each other.^[27] A dolphin chooses its name as an babe.^[28]

Come across also [edit]

• Eastern Slavic naming customs
• Germanic proper noun
• Given name, name at nativity
• Iry-Hor and Kushim, candidates for primeval known recorded personal name
• List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
• List of most popular given names
• Lists of virtually common surnames
• Married and maiden names
• Mononymous person
• Name-letter of the alphabet upshot
• Name day
• Personally identifiable information
• Posthumous proper noun
• Temple proper name
• Ancient Greek personal names
• Bilingual tautological personal names
• FM-2030 (meet the section FM-2030#Name change)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The Machiguenga may accept nicknames, but generally refer to each other by how they are related. They may disambiguate with biographical information, such as "sister, the 1 who slipped in the river".^{[5] [half dozen]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Keats-Rohan 2007, p. 164-165.
2. ^ Room 1996, p. 79.
3. ^ Room 1996, p. 8.
4. ^ "The Standard arabic Naming System" (PDF). Councilscienceeditors.org. 28 (1): 20–21. Feb 2005.
5. ^ Snell, Wayne W. (1964). Kinship relations in Machiguenga. Hartford Seminary Foundation. pp. 17–25.
6. ^ Johnson, Allen Due west. (2003). Families of the forest: the Matsigenka Indians of the Peruvian Amazon. Academy of California Printing. pp. 9–x. ISBN978-0-520-23242-vi.
7. ^ Text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accretion by General Associates resolution 44/25 of xx November 1989 entry into force 2 September 1990, in accord with article 49, Office of the Un High Commissioner for Human Rights.
8. ^ "Russian Names". Russland Periodical. October 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
9. ^ Baiburin, Albert. "Как появилась формула «фамилия — имя — отчество»" ["How the formula of surname-given name-patronymic came to exist]. Arzamas Academy (in Russian). Retrieved 19 January 2022.
10. ^ Room 1996, p. six.
11. ^ Barolini 2005, p. 91, 98.
12. ^ Robertson, George Scott (1911). "Kafiristan". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
13. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Parkin, Harry (2016). "Family unit names". In Carole Hough (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 214. ISBN9780191630415.
14. ^ "公用文等における日本人の姓名のローマ字表記について" (PDF) (Printing release). 文化庁国語課. 25 Oct 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
15. ^ Terry, Edith (2002). How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Phenomenon. M.E. Sharpe. p. 632. ISBN9780765603562.
16. ^ Saeki, Shizuka (2001). First Proper noun Terms. Vol. 47. Await Japan. p. 35.
17. ^ Chocolate-brown, Charles Philip (1857). A Grammar of the Telugu Linguistic communication. printed at the Christian Cognition Club's Press. p. 209.
18. ^ Agency, United States Fundamental Intelligence (1964). Telugu Personal Names. Central Intelligence Agency. p. 5.
19. ^ Room 1996, p. 106.
20. ^ Room 1996, p. 80.
21. ^ Reisner, George Andrew (December 1936). "The Dog Which Was Honored past the King of Upper and Lower Egypt". Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts. 34 (206): 96–99. JSTOR 4170605.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Eldridge 2003.
23. ^ Lyons, Margaret (28 September 2009). "What celebrity would you name your pet subsequently?". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 December 2020.
24. ^ McGillivray, Debbie; Adamson, Eve (2004). The complete idiot'south guide to pet psychic communication. Alpha Books. ISBNone-59257-214-vi.
25. ^ Adamson, Eve (xiii October 2005). Adopting a Pet For Dummies. p. 10. ISBN9780471785125.
26. ^ Phillips, Mary T. (1994). "Proper names and the social construction of biography: The negative case of laboratory animals". Qualitative Folklore. SpringerLink. 17 (2): 119–142. doi:x.1007/BF02393497. S2CID 143506107.
27. ^ "Dolphins, like humans, recognize names, May 9, 2006,CNN". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 June 2006.
28. ^ Carey, Bjorn (May 2006). "Dolphins Proper name Themselves". Alive Science . Retrieved 24 December 2020.

Sources [edit]

• Barolini, Teodolinda, ed. (2005). Medieval Constructions in Gender And Identity: Essays in Honor of Joan Yard. Ferrante. Tempe: Arizona Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. ISBN9780866983372.
• Bruck, Gabriele vom; Bodenhorn, Barbara, eds. (2009) [2006]. An Anthropology of Names and Naming (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press.
• Fraser, Peter Yard. (2000). "Ethnics as Personal Names". Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence (PDF). Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. pp. 149–157.
• Keats-Rohan, Katharine, ed. (2007). Prosopography Approaches and Applications: A Handbook. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN9781900934121.
• Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Printing. ISBN9780810831698.
• Eldridge, Wayne B. (2003). The Best Pet Name Book Ever!. Barron's Educational Series, Incorporated. ISBN9780764181337.

Further reading [edit]

• Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), Oxford Academy Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-726216-3

External links [edit]

• Varying utilise of first and family unit names in different countries and cultures
• Falsehoods Programmers Believe Nigh Names
• Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, contains over 35,000 published Greek names.

larsonduad1986.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name